Günther Uecker

Günther Uecker, (Germania, 1930)

Günther Uecker nasce nel 1930 a Wendorf, Mecklenburg, in Germania. Scultore, scenografo e artista cinetico, compie i suoi primi studi artistici a Wismar e all’Accademia di Berlin-Weissensse dal 1949 al 1953, realizzando inizialmente opere nello stile del Realismo Socialista. Fino al 1957 frequenta l’Accademia di Düsseldorf e in questi anni esegue i suoi primi dipinti con forme in rilievo. Nel 1957 inizia a dipinge opere nei colori bianco, nero o rosso con una struttura di punti o linee verticali o orizzontali che ne ricopre completamente la superficie. Allo stesso anno risalgono i primi lavori a rilievo in cui fa uso dei chiodi, primo passo di una sperimentazione che lo porta in seguito a porre sulla superficie del quadro altri oggetti, come ad esempio turaccioli o tubi di cartone. La superficie ricoperta di chiodi si pone come antitesi alla superficie dipinta e consente nello stesso tempo all’artista di esplorare l’articolazione della luce attraverso le ombre create dai chiodi. Lavorando prima su sequenza matematiche regolari di chiodi, a partire dal 1960 l’artista introduce strutture organiche e realizza le sue prime strutture rotanti a forma di disco e le sue prime scatole illuminate (light boxes). Amico di Yves Klein, Heinz Mack e Otto Piene, nel 1961 fonda con questi ultimi il Gruppo Zero, che sviluppa interessanti ricerche cinetico visuali nell’ambito della nascente Arte cinetica, della quale rappresenta il versante tedesco. Interessata al movimento, quest’arte nuova ha inediti punti di contatto con la scienza e la tecnologia, rivelando inoltre agganci con il Dadaismo e il Futurismo. Il Gruppo Zero, diventa ben presto punto di riferimento e d’ispirazione di molte tendenze europee di quegli anni, come il Gruppo T ed il Gruppo N in Italia e varie sperimentazioni di Optical Art in tutta Europa. La sperimentazione di Uecker si esprime attraverso strutture oscillanti, sedie, tavoli e pianoforti ricoperti di chiodi, comprendendo dal 1966 anche progetti con la corrente ad alta frequenza e, dal 1969, progetti di grandi dimensioni all’aperto. I suoi lavori comprendono anche stampe monocrome a rilievo, films e la realizzazione delle scenografie e i costumi per le opere Fidelio (1974) e Parsifal (1976)

English

One of Germany's leading contemporary artists, Uecker knows the world. The world knows him too: His idiom as a painter and object artist is universal. And his tool? A hammer.
Nails. Thousands of completely normal nails, each one driven into a wooden board covered with linen. Some straight, some slanted, but none hammered in all the way. Günther Uecker has finished one of these nail reliefs every year for over half a century. They've made him famous in Germany and beyond.
Not just screens, but also sewing machines, chairs, record players and grand pianos have borne the brunt of those little shafts of steel. Hardly any other artist has equally dedicated his work to the craft of simple physical labor.
Hammering nails into backdrops and objects with force and precision, Günther Uecker creates reliefs that he terms "nail fields" and that achieve their full effect in the play of light and shadow.
Born in the of town of Wendorf near Schwerin in northeastern Germany on March 13, 1930, Günther Uecker found himself boarding up doors and windows of his family house at age 15 in an effort to protect his mother and sister from the Russian army at war's end. It was the beginning of a life-long preoccupation with hammers and nails.
Post-World War II, he studied pictorial arts from 1949 until 1953 in Wismar, then in East Germany. In 1955 he fled to West Berlin and eventually found himself at the Art Academy in Düsseldorf, studying under Professor Otto Pankok from 1955-57.
During his studies he encountered the artists Heinz Mack and Otto Piene and joined their artists' conglomerate named ZERO in 1961. Together they represented a Zero Hour of art untouched by the horrors of the Second World War, marking a new beginning in art history.
The avant-garde artists' group made waves far beyond Germany and their time. ZERO's ideas have undergone a renaissance in the new millennium, with ZERO retrospectives staged regularly worldwide since 2004. The Martin-Gropius-Bau in Berlin dedicated a big exhibition to ZERO in March 2015.
Back in 1966, no one could have anticipated the group's future popularity. It dissolved soon afterwards, and the artists went their separate ways. 
Meanwhile, Günther Uecker's abstract art has been shown in over 60 countries and frequently been considered pioneering. In 2012 he became the first Western artist to be exhibited in the Iranian capital Tehran since the 1979 revolution. In 2007 came an exhibition in Beijing originally scheduled for 1994. On invitation from the Chinese government, Uecker had prepared the conceptual artwork Letter to Beijing. 
The UN Declaration of Human Rights was proclaimed on 19 large, freely-arranged screens, but the words were partially rendered unrecognizable by black paint. On short notice, the Chinese culture ministry cancelled the show in 1994, explaining that the people were not yet ready for his art. Uecker was permitted to exhibit in China 18 years later.
Letter to Beijing isn't the only work in which Uecker has addressed human rights violations. In Verletzungsworte (Words That Hurt), on display in various cities of the world since 1993, 60 words like "hitting," "despising" and "gassing" that describe physical and psychological abuse are translated into local languages and painstakingly added by Uecker to the artwork.
Günther Uecker's art is understood — and esteemed — worldwide and in the most diverse cultures. Asked what makes it so universal, Uecker volunteers his own explanation: "I'm often told that the humane character recognizable in my work stirs peoples' feelings." 
Uecker's brother-in-law and artistic colleague Yves Klein died of a heart attack at age 23 on June 6, 1962. After holding a vigil for the avant-garde French artist in Paris, he created a nail relief for that artist famous for his "Yves Klein blue" hue and his monochromatic works.
Uecker's homage is a white screen with a hint of red pigment and nails sparingly driven in. Unlike other reliefs, it is in lighter colors and has fewer nails, arranged in a cluster around the middle.It was purchased by an anonymous collector, and it wasn't until 50 years later — when the big Uecker show was being mounted at the North Rhine-Westphalian (NRW) Art Collection in 2015 — that the artist saw it again. He was celebrating his 85th birthday, and the re-encounter seemed like a gift.
Proud that his creations have remained timeless and topical, Uecker said, "The pictures have moved far enough away from me that I can look at them with fresh eyes now, like a visitor to an exhibition."